upheavals accompanying the rise of the Achaemenids ca. 500 or those that characterized the third-century struggle between the Ptolemies and the Seleucids. Noth and Gressmann have dated the final redaction ca. 200, but mainly for ideological reasons. Welten (Geschichte) identifies Hellenistic military practices in parts of ChrH, but the dating he chooses is disputed. The chronology of Ezra-Nehemiah might determine an absolute date for the Chronicles except that a whole century (500–400 B.C.) is all
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